Profiling Howto

To choose an appropriate propagation method and parameters for a given problem, it is essential to benchmark and profile the propagation.

Consider the following simple example:

using QuantumControlTestUtils.RandomObjects: random_dynamic_generator, random_state_vector

tlist = collect(range(0, step=1.0, length=101));
N = 200;  # size of Hilbert space
H = random_dynamic_generator(N, tlist);
Ψ₀ = random_state_vector(N);

BenchmarkTools

The first line of defense is the use of BenchmarkTools. The @benchmark macro allows to generate statistics on how long a call to propagate takes.

Chebychev propagation

For example, we can time the propagation with the Chebychev method:

using BenchmarkTools
using QuantumPropagators
using QuantumPropagators: Cheby

@benchmark propagate($Ψ₀, $H, $tlist; method=Cheby, check=false) samples=10

BenchmarkTools.Trial: 10 samples with 1 evaluation per sample.
 Range (min … max):  26.712 ms …  28.407 ms  ┊ GC (min … max): 0.00% … 0.00%
 Time  (median):     27.153 ms               ┊ GC (median):    0.00%
 Time  (mean ± σ):   27.290 ms ± 559.517 μs  ┊ GC (mean ± σ):  0.00% ± 0.00%

  █ █  ██ █             ██             ██                    █  
  █▁█▁▁██▁█▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁██▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁██▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁█ ▁
  26.7 ms         Histogram: frequency by time         28.4 ms <

 Memory estimate: 1023.67 KiB, allocs estimate: 3264.

Newton propagation

Or, the same propagation with the Newton method:

using QuantumPropagators: Newton

@benchmark propagate($Ψ₀, $H, $tlist; method=Newton, check=false) samples=10

BenchmarkTools.Trial: 10 samples with 1 evaluation per sample.
 Range (min … max):  94.909 ms … 98.353 ms  ┊ GC (min … max): 0.00% … 0.00%
 Time  (median):     95.376 ms              ┊ GC (median):    0.00%
 Time  (mean ± σ):   95.912 ms ±  1.144 ms  ┊ GC (mean ± σ):  0.00% ± 0.00%

  ▁▁ ▁ █    ▁        ▁       ▁            ▁                 ▁  
  ██▁█▁█▁▁▁▁█▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁█▁▁▁▁▁▁▁█▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁█▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁█ ▁
  94.9 ms         Histogram: frequency by time        98.4 ms <

 Memory estimate: 13.09 MiB, allocs estimate: 60296.

The result in this case illustrates the significant advantage of the Chebychev method for systems of moderate to small size and unitary dynamics.

When using custom data structures for the dynamical generators or states, @benchmark should also be used to optimize lower-level operations as much as possible, e.g. the application of the Hamiltonian to the state.

TimerOutputs

A lot more insight into the internals of a propagate call can be obtained by collecting timing data. This functionality is integrated in QuantumPropagators and uses the TimerOutputs package internally.

Enabling the collection of timing data

To enable collecting internal timing data, call QuantumPropagators.enable_timings:

QuantumPropagators.enable_timings()

The status of the data collection can be verified with QuantumPropagators.timings_enabled.

Chebychev propagation

Since the call to QuantumPropagators.enable_timings invalidates existing compiled code, and to avoid the compilation overhead showing up in the timing data, we call propagate once to ensure compilation:

propagate(Ψ₀, H, tlist; method=Cheby);

In any subsequent propagation, we could access the timing data in a callback to propagate:

function show_timing_data(propagator, args...)
    if propagator.t == tlist[end]
        show(propagator.timing_data, compact=true)
    end
end

propagate(Ψ₀, H, tlist; method=:cheby, callback=show_timing_data);

───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                                        Time          Allocations
                                  ───────────────   ───────────────
         Total measured:               432ms            34.6MiB

Section                   ncalls     time    %tot     alloc    %tot
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
prop_step!                   100   26.7ms  100.0%    127KiB  100.0%
  matrix-vector product    1.30k   25.2ms   94.1%     0.00B    0.0%
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

See the TimerOutputs documentation for details on how to print the timing_data.

Alternatively, without a callback:

propagator = init_prop(Ψ₀, H, tlist; method=Cheby)
for step ∈ 1:(length(tlist)-1)
    prop_step!(propagator)
end
show(propagator.timing_data, compact=true)

───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                                        Time          Allocations
                                  ───────────────   ───────────────
         Total measured:              45.3ms             496KiB

Section                   ncalls     time    %tot     alloc    %tot
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
prop_step!                   100   26.4ms  100.0%    127KiB  100.0%
  matrix-vector product    1.30k   24.9ms   94.4%     0.00B    0.0%
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

The reported runtimes here are less important than the number of function calls and the runtime percentages. In this case, the timing data shows that the propagation is dominated by the matrix-vector products (applying the Hamiltonian to the state), as it should. The percentage would go to 100% for larger Hilbert spaces.

Newton propagation

For the Newton method:

propagate(Ψ₀, H, tlist; method=Newton);   # recompilation
propagate(Ψ₀, H, tlist; method=Newton, callback=show_timing_data);

───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                                                Time          Allocations
                                          ───────────────   ───────────────
             Total measured:                   142ms            15.5MiB

Section                           ncalls     time    %tot     alloc    %tot
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
prop_step!                           100   97.3ms  100.0%   13.0MiB  100.0%
  arnoldi!                           200   42.5ms   43.6%      672B    0.0%
    matrix-vector product          2.00k   39.5ms   40.6%     0.00B    0.0%
  get Leja points                    200   26.7ms   27.4%     0.00B    0.0%
  diagonalize_hessenberg_matrix      200   25.6ms   26.3%   9.38MiB   71.9%
  evaluate polynomial                200    647μs    0.7%   2.47MiB   19.0%
  get Newton coeffs                  200    203μs    0.2%     0.00B    0.0%
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

We see here that the Newton propagation requires more matrix-vector products (2000 compared to 1200 for Chebychev), partly because the Newton propagator is "chunked" to m_max applications in each "restart" (10 by default, with 2 restarts required to reach machine precision in this case). Moreover, there is significant overhead beyond just matrix-vector multiplication, which will disappear only for significantly larger Hilbert spaces.

Disabling the collection of timing data

There there is a small overhead associated with collecting the timing data, it should not be enabled "in production". To QuantumPropagators.disable_timings function undoes the previous QuantumPropagators.enable_timings:

QuantumPropagators.disable_timings()

This again will trigger recompilation of any method that was collecting timing data, removing the associated overhead.